The authors are unequivocal in their conclusion, which is presented in the preface: "...recent forensic analysis of remnants of [Brahe's] hair reveals that he was murdered, systematically poisoned. And all the answers as to motive, means, and opportunity point directly to one suspect: Johannes Kepler."
The book provides a detailed presentation of Brahe's life and work, and the relevant aspects of Kepler's. I won't reiterate the evidence here, but I will instead insert a few of the "things I learned" from the book.
Since we accept a heliocentric solar system, it's sometimes hard to understand how pre-Copernican scholars could have been so accepting of a geocentric model, but this analogy from the book is quite informative in that regard:
"It's important to understand in all of this that, visually and mathematically speaking, there is no differnce between a moving earth revolving around a stationary sun and a moving sun revolving around a stationary earth... a demonstration is provided by those battery-powered models of the solar system sold at planetariums and most toy stores. Pick it up by the sun and hold that stationary, and all the planets will revolve as they are supposed to. But if you hold the mechanism up by the earth and hold that stationary, all the planets and now the sun, too will continue to revolve, in exactly the same relation to one another as before." (pp. 83-4)This sentence startled me:
"Apparently, Rudolf [Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II] had been peeking through his window as Brahe approached in his carriage, and -- fascinated as he was by all things mechanical -- was especially interested in an odometer he saw affixed by the wheel. Brahe had it brought to him, and after examining it carefully, Rudolf said he would have one made by his artisans according to the same pattern." (p. 137)Odometers in the 16th century?? Who knew? Topic bookmarked for a future separate post. Here's more about Rudolf:
"More a collector than a connoisseur, with tastes that were less eclectic than simply promiscuous, Rudolf sent his agents across Europe to purchase items that might excite his fancy. Some brought back Durers and Breugels, while others transported back objects by the thousands whose major organizing theme seems to have been their oddity. All were placed in his famous Kunstkammer - the private rooms in which he would increasingly shut himself off - which contained what was perhaps the largest private collection up until that time.There is a painting of Rudolf and a diagram of his family tree in the post below this one.
There, housed in myriad cabinets and displayed along tabletopes, lay thousands of disparate artifacts: beautiful porcelain cameos along with the shells of tortoises, crabs, and other sea creatures; the horn of a unicorn (which probably came from a narwhal) and rhinoceros horns mounted in gold; priceless gems; drawersful of gold, silver, and copper antique medals; as well as the dagger with which Caesar's wife was said to have been murdered and a knife swallowed by a Prague peasant. Mechanical objects were a special fascination: among the many clocks, globes, and astrolabes, records mention a mechanical peacock that walked, turned around, and fanned its featuers and a windup spider that could scurry across a table..." (p. 143)
Chapter 15 of the book is particularly good in explaining the strained relations between the two scientists and the consequent motivation for murder. Chapter 22 details the use of mercury as a medication and the formulations of it that the (al)chemists of the time created, which were of quite varying potency and toxicity. In explaining why Brahe's acute renal failure was probably not due to a bladder stone, the authors point to the absence of any attempts at catheterization, which would have been attempted had anuria been accompanied by a distended bladder:
Jessenius, one of the leading medical authorities of his time, wrote in some detail about urinary problems and their cures. He clearly had considerable experience in the area and recommended in one of his numerous publications "the small tubes, conceived by Venetian wound doctors, which are made of horn and made flexible by soaking them in warm water," rather than the "slim wax light used by Fabricius Aquapente (which he warms up and then inserts coated with almond oil)," as the latter were "not strong enough to overcome the resistance of the bladder opening or a bladder stone." (p. 213)A surprising sophistication in knowledge of urinary catheters - before the invention of plastic or the discovery of rubber. Since Brahe had access not only to physicians but to the physicians of the royal family, the fact that catheterization was not considered is prima facie evidence that the physicians attending him considered the acute renal failure to be nonobstructive in nature (or at least above the bladder). That, along with the mercury in the forensic analysis of his hair, constitutes the principal evidence of murder by poisoning.
'A night with Venus, a lifetime with mercury!'
ReplyDeleteMercury was used as a treatment for syphilis in Brahe's time. It was painted onto the lesions, having the unfortunate side effect of causing a slow death by mercury poisoning. Syphilis was known in Europe in Brahe's time.
While Brahe died of acute renal failure, it could have been due to other causes of ARF than mercury.
CCL
It's true that there is no mathematical and observational difference between an earth-centered and a sun-cetered system, as the toy model aptly demonstrates. However, in the mechanical model with the earth held down, the planets still have their orbits centered around the sun, as the whole system revolves around the earth. This is very different from the pre-Copernican system, in whcih the both the sun and the planets revolved revolved directly around the earth. The old system, being completely wrong, did not match the observational data at all. It required astronomers to spend their lives creating complex systems of so-called epicycles to try and explain the discrepancies. Tycho developed his own system by taking the Copernican model and putting the earth at the center, with the planets going around the sun as the sun went around the earth--exactly as in the toy-store model with the earth held still. It worked just as well as the Copernican model in predicting planetary motion, and had the added advantage of not pissing off the Church. It would have worked even better but for the fact that Tycho and everyone else on earth assumed that the planetary orbits were perfectly circular. Although Tychobrahe was unquestionably the greatest of the pre-telescopic observers, it was left to his protege Kepler, using Tycho's observational data, to finally figure out that planetary orbits are elliptical. Kepler's accomplishment required both a quantum leap in thinking and years worth of trial-and-error calculation by hand. The laws of planetary motion that he developed formed the basis of modern astrophysics and allowed Newton later to calculate the force of gravity. Even Kepler's Italian counterpart Galileo appears to have been jealous of Kepler's intellect, and reluctant to provide him with one of his own new-fangled telescopes.
ReplyDeleteIncidentally, Kepler also flirted with the then-ridiculous notion of the tides being influenced by the moon, 400 years before Bill O'Reilly. He also wrote the first work of modern science fiction, invented the science of optics, was a pioneer of what we now know as the scientific method, and had to defend his own mother against charges of witchcraft. I strongly suggest you read Arthur Koestler's book The Sleepwalkers.
As for charges that he killed Tychobrahe, that's some entertaining nonsense. BTW, Salieri didn't really kill Mozart, either.
Thank you anons.
ReplyDeleteRe the mercury poisoning, the suspicious aspect in his case is the concentrations along the length of the hair, which provides a time course of exposure. It was not a chronic intake; there reportedly were two peaks, the last a massive one within hours of his death.
Re the orbital dynamics, much of that is discussed in the book. I'm curious about your quick dismmissal of Kepler as a suspect. Are you arguing that Brahe was not poisoned, or that Kepler did not do it? He certainly disliked Brahe, had access to mercury, had access to the victim since he lived in the household, and had motivation to acquire Brahe's database.
I haven't read Heavenly Intrigue, so I guess I am arguing that if one of the greatest minds of all time is accused of murder, the "not guilty" side should be heard from, too. Right to defense counsel, cross-examination, and all that.
ReplyDeleteKepler would be a far more famous figure had he not been a contemporary of Galileo, whose conflict with the church represented a watershed in history that is far more easily understood by the lay public than either of the two's actual scientific work. As it is, Kepler is sort of the Sammy Sousa to Galileo's Mark McGuire. So he's already gotten a lousy deal, and on top of that, now someone wants to call him a murderer.
Anon, I don't have a horse in this race, and have no hard feelings against Kepler. I just haven't heard or read anything yet in defense of him.
ReplyDeleteAs I commented in earlier posts on the subject, we should have more info later this year when the Austrians release more forensic data.