08 March 2011

Did Henry VIII carry the Kell antigen and have McLeod syndrome?

Excerpts from a report at ScienceDaily:
Research conducted by bioarchaeologist Catrina Banks Whitley while she was a graduate student at SMU (Southern Methodist University) and anthropologist Kyra Kramer shows that the numerous miscarriages suffered by Henry's wives could be explained if the king's blood carried the Kell antigen. A Kell negative woman who has multiple pregnancies with a Kell positive man can produce a healthy, Kell positive child in a first pregnancy; But the antibodies she produces during that first pregnancy will cross the placenta and attack a Kell positive fetus in subsequent pregnancies.

As published in The Historical Journal (Cambridge University Press), the pattern of Kell blood group incompatibility is consistent with the pregnancies of Henry's first two wives, Katherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn. If Henry also suffered from McLeod syndrome, a genetic disorder specific to the Kell blood group, it would finally provide an explanation for his shift in both physical form and personality from a strong, athletic, generous individual in his first 40 years to the monstrous paranoiac he would become, virtually immobilized by massive weight gain and leg ailments...

A Kell positive father frequently is the cause behind the inability of his partner to bear a healthy infant after the first Kell negative pregnancy, which the authors note is precisely the circumstance experienced with women who had multiple pregnancies by Henry. The majority of individuals within the Kell blood group are Kell negative, so it is the rare Kell positive father that creates reproductive problems...

McLeod syndrome resembles Huntington's disease, which affects muscle coordination and causes cognitive disorder. McLeod symptoms usually begin to develop when an individual is between 30 and 40 years old, often resulting in damage to the heart muscle, muscular disease, psychiatric abnormality and motor nerve damage. Henry VIII experienced most, if not all, of these symptoms, the authors found...

The precise number of miscarriages endured by Henry's reproductive partners is difficult to determine, especially when various mistresses are factored in, but the king's partners had a total of at least 11 and possibly 13 or more pregnancies. Only four of the eleven known pregnancies survived infancy. Whitley and Kramer call the high rate of spontaneous late-term abortion, stillbirth, or rapid neonatal death suffered by Henry's first two queens "an atypical reproductive pattern" because, even in an age of high child mortality, most women carried their pregnancies to term, and their infants usually lived long enough to be christened...

The survival of Mary, the fifth pregnancy for Katherine of Aragon, fits the Kell scenario if Mary inherited the recessive Kell gene from Henry, resulting in a healthy infant.
Very interesting. Here's a link to Whitley and Kramer's publication.

1 comment:

  1. Hi,

    one of my old immunohaemoatology textbooks reminded me that McLeod phenotype blood is actually Kell negative and weakly positive for several other Kell antigens so the theory re Kell being to blame seems incorrect.

    Additionally, the pattern of father-with-a-blood-group-antigen-the-mother-lacks causing stillbirth or sickly children, holds true for many other blood group systems, most notably Rh. Without modern treatments such as intra-uterine transfusions, the outcome would be the same: death. So, again, blaming it on Kell specifically seems a long bow to draw.

    Lastly, it is not always the first child that causes the problem. Not all people produce an antibody even after repeated exposure. We inject Rh Negative donors expressly so we can harvest Anti-D plasma to make Rh-D Immunoglobulin. Some donors do not make the antibody even after multiple exposures.

    Love your work,
    Cheers.

    ReplyDelete

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